diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
index e09bcc9f7..6bd985be9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
@@ -1470,6 +1470,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
+ "tokio",
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 5f1691cd0..4b0534d57 100755
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -128,6 +128,11 @@ tauri-dev = []
 tokio-trace = ["console-subscriber"]
 clippy = ["tauri/test"]
 
+[[bench]]
+name = "draft_benchmark"
+path = "benches/draft_benchmark.rs"
+harness = false
+
 [profile.release]
 panic = "abort"
 codegen-units = 16
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@ name = "app_lib"
 crate-type = ["staticlib", "cdylib", "rlib"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-criterion = "0.7.0"
+criterion = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["async_tokio"] }
 
 [lints.clippy]
 # Core categories - most important for code safety and correctness
diff --git a/src-tauri/benches/draft_benchmark.rs b/src-tauri/benches/draft_benchmark.rs
index 8f1515ed9..aac06a06a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/benches/draft_benchmark.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/benches/draft_benchmark.rs
@@ -1,91 +1,138 @@
 use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use std::hint::black_box;
+use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
 
-// 业务模型 & Draft
-use app_lib::config::Draft as DraftNew;
+// 引入业务模型 & Draft 实现
 use app_lib::config::IVerge;
+use app_lib::utils::Draft as DraftNew;
 
-// fn bench_apply_old(c: &mut Criterion) {
-//     c.bench_function("apply_draft_old", |b| {
-//         b.iter(|| {
-//             let verge = Box::new(IVerge {
-//                 enable_auto_launch: Some(true),
-//                 enable_tun_mode: Some(false),
-//                 ..Default::default()
-//             });
+/// 创建测试数据
+fn make_draft() -> DraftNew<Box<IVerge>> {
+    let verge = Box::new(IVerge {
+        enable_auto_launch: Some(true),
+        enable_tun_mode: Some(false),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    DraftNew::from(verge)
+}
 
-//             let draft = DraftOld::from(black_box(verge));
-
-//             {
-//                 let mut d = draft.draft_mut();
-//                 d.enable_auto_launch = Some(false);
-//             }
-
-//             let _ = draft.apply();
-//         });
-//     });
-// }
-
-// fn bench_discard_old(c: &mut Criterion) {
-//     c.bench_function("discard_draft_old", |b| {
-//         b.iter(|| {
-//             let verge = Box::new(IVerge::default());
-//             let draft = DraftOld::from(black_box(verge));
-
-//             {
-//                 let mut d = draft.draft_mut();
-//                 d.enable_auto_launch = Some(false);
-//             }
-
-//             let _ = draft.discard();
-//         });
-//     });
-// }
-
-/// 基准：修改草稿并 apply()
-fn bench_apply_new(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("apply_draft_new", |b| {
+/// 基准：只读 data_ref（正式数据）
+fn bench_data_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_data_ref", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let verge = Box::new(IVerge {
-                enable_auto_launch: Some(true),
-                enable_tun_mode: Some(false),
-                ..Default::default()
-            });
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            let data = draft.data_ref();
+            black_box(data.enable_auto_launch);
+        });
+    });
+}
 
-            let draft = DraftNew::from(black_box(verge));
+/// 基准：可写 data_mut（正式数据）
+fn bench_data_mut(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_data_mut", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            let mut data = draft.data_mut();
+            data.enable_tun_mode = Some(true);
+            black_box(data.enable_tun_mode);
+        });
+    });
+}
 
+/// 基准：首次创建草稿（会触发 clone）
+fn bench_draft_mut_first(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_draft_mut_first", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            let mut d = draft.draft_mut();
+            d.enable_auto_launch = Some(false);
+            black_box(d.enable_auto_launch);
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+/// 基准：重复 draft_mut（已存在草稿，不再 clone）
+fn bench_draft_mut_existing(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_draft_mut_existing", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            {
+                let mut first = draft.draft_mut();
+                first.enable_tun_mode = Some(true);
+            }
+            let mut second = draft.draft_mut();
+            second.enable_tun_mode = Some(false);
+            black_box(second.enable_tun_mode);
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+/// 基准：零拷贝读取最新视图（latest_ref）
+fn bench_latest_ref(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_latest_ref", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            let latest = draft.latest_ref();
+            black_box(latest.enable_auto_launch);
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+/// 基准：apply（提交草稿）
+fn bench_apply(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_apply", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let draft = make_draft();
             {
                 let mut d = draft.draft_mut();
                 d.enable_auto_launch = Some(false);
             }
-
             let _ = draft.apply();
         });
     });
 }
 
-/// 基准：修改草稿并 discard()
-fn bench_discard_new(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("discard_draft_new", |b| {
+/// 基准：discard（丢弃草稿）
+fn bench_discard(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("draft_discard", |b| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let verge = Box::new(IVerge::default());
-            let draft = DraftNew::from(black_box(verge));
-
+            let draft = make_draft();
             {
                 let mut d = draft.draft_mut();
                 d.enable_auto_launch = Some(false);
             }
-
             let _ = draft.discard();
         });
     });
 }
 
+/// 基准：异步 with_data_modify
+fn bench_with_data_modify(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("draft_with_data_modify", |b| {
+        b.to_async(&rt).iter(|| async {
+            let draft = make_draft();
+            let _res: Result<(), anyhow::Error> = draft
+                .with_data_modify(|mut box_data| async move {
+                    box_data.enable_auto_launch =
+                        Some(!box_data.enable_auto_launch.unwrap_or(false));
+                    Ok((box_data, ()))
+                })
+                .await;
+        });
+    });
+}
+
 criterion_group!(
     benches,
-    // bench_apply_old,
-    // bench_discard_old,
-    bench_apply_new,
-    bench_discard_new
+    bench_data_ref,
+    bench_data_mut,
+    bench_draft_mut_first,
+    bench_draft_mut_existing,
+    bench_latest_ref,
+    bench_apply,
+    bench_discard,
+    bench_with_data_modify
 );
 criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/config/config.rs b/src-tauri/src/config/config.rs
index e3219cc60..c6be0bae0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/config/config.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/config/config.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use super::{Draft, IClashTemp, IProfiles, IRuntime, IVerge};
+use super::{IClashTemp, IProfiles, IRuntime, IVerge};
 use crate::{
     config::{PrfItem, profiles_append_item_safe},
     core::{CoreManager, handle},
     enhance, logging,
-    utils::{dirs, help, logging::Type},
+    utils::{Draft, dirs, help, logging::Type},
 };
 use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
 use backoff::{Error as BackoffError, ExponentialBackoff};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/config/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/config/mod.rs
index 511687571..342c11f47 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/config/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/config/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 mod clash;
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 mod config;
-mod draft;
 mod encrypt;
 mod prfitem;
 pub mod profiles;
 mod runtime;
 mod verge;
 
-pub use self::{
-    clash::*, config::*, draft::*, encrypt::*, prfitem::*, profiles::*, runtime::*, verge::*,
-};
+pub use self::{clash::*, config::*, encrypt::*, prfitem::*, profiles::*, runtime::*, verge::*};
 
 pub const DEFAULT_PAC: &str = r#"function FindProxyForURL(url, host) {
   return "PROXY 127.0.0.1:%mixed-port%; SOCKS5 127.0.0.1:%mixed-port%; DIRECT;";
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 00a815a62..9f501c741 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ mod enhance;
 mod feat;
 mod module;
 mod process;
-mod utils;
+pub mod utils;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 use crate::utils::window_manager::WindowManager;
 use crate::{
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/config/draft.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/draft.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/config/draft.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/utils/draft.rs
index 3da3029c2..044f6f1fa 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/config/draft.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/draft.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + ToOwned> Draft<Box<T>> {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_draft_box() {
-    use super::IVerge;
+    use crate::config::IVerge;
 
     // 1. 创建 Draft<Box<IVerge>>
     let verge = Box::new(IVerge {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
index 74b895bdb..787351a0a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 pub mod autostart;
 pub mod dirs;
+pub mod draft;
 pub mod format;
 pub mod help;
 pub mod i18n;
@@ -12,3 +13,5 @@ pub mod server;
 pub mod singleton;
 pub mod tmpl;
 pub mod window_manager;
+
+pub use draft::Draft;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/utils/network.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/network.rs
index 1df28399a..55fa65ce8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/utils/network.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/network.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ pub struct NetworkManager {
     connection_error_count: Mutex<usize>,
 }
 
+impl Default for NetworkManager {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 impl NetworkManager {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {